Alexandria National Cemetery: A Journey Through History

Discover the stories of valor and sacrifice in one of America’s most historic resting places, just miles from the nation’s capital.

Introduction

Nestled within the Wilkes Street Cemetery Complex, the Alexandria National Cemetery is a testament to America’s past. As the second-oldest national cemetery in the federal system, established in 1862, it predates Arlington National Cemetery. Approximately 4,230 individuals rest within its 5-acre bounds, including around 3294 Union soldiers. This cemetery honors those who served our nation and tells stories of courage, sacrifice, and unity.¹

A Sanctuary of History: The Founding of Alexandria National Cemetery

Introduction: Alexandria’s Crucial Role in the Civil War

During the Civil War, Alexandria became a crucial site for the Union Army due to its strategic position near Washington, D.C. Occupied in May 1861; it was the first Confederate town to fall under Union control. Alexandria was a fortified town and a major logistical center for eastern campaigns, supporting the Union’s war efforts.

Alexandria as a Vital Hospital Hub

The city’s significance extended further when it became a vital hospital hub, adapting to manage the war’s heavy toll of wounded and ill soldiers. The city’s medical network was established by commandeering over 30 buildings, including churches and private homes, like the Lee-Fendall House. These repurposed facilities offered approximately 6,500 beds to accommodate the injured troops. The extensive medical operation drew surgeons, nurses, relief workers, and family members to Alexandria, establishing it as a focal point for medical care and recovery amid the ongoing conflict.

For those interested in exploring the locations of Alexandria’s various Civil War hospitals, the Office of Historic Alexandria provides a comprehensive map resource [link].

The Establishment of Alexandria National Cemetery

In response to the growing number of soldiers dying during training or from disease in the city’s numerous hospitals, the City of Alexandria and the Council of Alexandria purchased two acres of land from John H. and Margaret Baggett on June 1, 1862, for $800.00. The Baggetts, buried in the adjacent Methodist Protestant Cemetery, had originally purchased the land on January 6, 1855. In July 1862, a Congressional Act authorized the establishment of military cemeteries in the country. Under that Act, the Military Cemetery, initially known as the Soldier’s Cemetery, was formally established using the land the City had purchased from the Baggetts. The new cemetery was the first of 14 established under the act.

The city then leased the cemetery to the federal government for $1.00 for a period of 999 years. However, in April 1875, the city fully released the property to the government. Shortly after this transfer of ownership, significant improvements were made to the cemetery. One of the most notable changes was the replacement of the original wooden markers with more permanent stone markers, enhancing the dignity and longevity of the soldiers’ memorials.

The Growing Need for Expansion

As the war progressed, Alexandria’s Civil War hospitals treated a diverse patient population, including wounded Union soldiers from both white and black regiments, Confederate prisoners of war, and African American refugees who had escaped slavery and sought refuge behind Union lines. However, it’s important to note that at this time, the Soldier’s Cemetery (also known as the Military Cemetery), which later became the Alexandria National Cemetery, was reserved primarily for white Union soldiers and Confederate prisoners of war who died in Alexandria. The United States Colored Troops (USCTs) and African American refugees who died were initially buried in the separate Freedmen’s and Contrabands Cemetery on S. Washington Street.

This surge of casualties led Quartermaster James Grafton Carleton Lee, the Union Quartermaster for Alexandria, to request authorization in March 1864 to purchase additional land “375 ft in length by 249 ft in width” at the same rate of $400 per acre as the original purchase for the Alexandria National Cemetery. This expansion would add approximately 90,000 square feet, or just over 2 acres, effectively doubling the size of the existing 2-acre cemetery.

Lee believed that the existing two-acre cemetery would run out of room within two weeks of the end of March, further underscoring the critical need for expansion to accommodate the growing number of fallen Union soldiers from white regiments.

Plans to Discontinue Burials and Subsequent Reversal

As the war continued and casualties mounted, there were initial plans to discontinue burials at the Alexandria National Cemetery and instead transport deceased soldiers to the newly established Arlington National Cemetery, located just five miles north in Arlington, Virginia. However, Surgeon Edwin Bently, U.S. Volunteers in charge of the 3rd Division General Hospital in Alexandria, objected to this proposal in a letter dated May 24, 1864, addressed to Captain Lee, the Quartermaster. Bently cited the “great inconvenience and expense” of transporting the fallen soldiers and argued that “the distance of transportation would prevent the attendance of escort or chaplain and also the military burial to which every soldier is entitled, and the expectation of which often soothe the last hours of a soldier’s life.”

Continued Use and Increased Burials

As a result of Bently’s objections, burials continued at the Alexandria National Cemetery, while Arlington National Cemetery served as an additional burial site for the growing number of fallen soldiers. Pippinger’s statistical analysis, as detailed in Volume 5 of his work “Tombstone Inscriptions of Alexandria, Virginia” (2014), reveals that 1,537 soldiers (all white) were buried in the Alexandria National Cemetery before 1864. During 1864-1865, an additional 1,717 burials took place, including 229 Black soldiers and 1,488 white soldiers.

These figures demonstrate that Alexandria National Cemetery remained an active burial site throughout the war, even after Arlington’s establishment, with the number of interments actually increasing in the final years of the conflict. Pippinger’s research also shows that the cemetery continued to receive Civil War-related burials in the immediate post-war period, with 13 additional Civil War era interments occurring from 1866 to 1869. Notably, Union soldiers account for 77% of all burials in the cemetery, underscoring its primary role as a resting place for those who fought for the Union cause.

Expansion to Arlington National Cemetery

The Establishment of Arlington National Cemetery

On May 13, 1864, Private William Christman became the first military member to be interred at Arlington, marking the official beginning of Arlington National Cemetery. (For more on this soldier’s poignant tale, see [http://www.tobyhannatwphistory.org/assets/WilliamChristmanHistory.pdf])

Impact on Alexandria National Cemetery

Although establishing Arlington National Cemetery alleviated some pressure on the Alexandria National Cemetery, it did not completely halt interments. Contrary to the expectation that most Union soldier burials would be redirected to the new cemetery on the grounds of the Lee family farm, Alexandria National Cemetery continued to receive a significant number of burials.

Factors Determining Burial Location

The decision to bury soldiers at either Arlington National Cemetery or Alexandria National Cemetery was influenced by several factors, including the proximity of the deceased to each cemetery at the time of death and the soldiers’ wishes. Surgeon Bently’s letter suggests that soldiers dying in Alexandria’s hospitals may have expressed a preference to be buried nearby, where their comrades and chaplains could more easily attend their funerals and honor their service. This factor, along with the practicality of burying soldiers close to where they died, likely influenced the decision to continue interments at Alexandria National Cemetery even as Arlington National Cemetery became the primary burial site for Union soldiers in the region.

The Story of Corporal William H. H. Marsh

Corporal Marsh’s Enlistment and Service

Corporal Marsh’s story provides a poignant example of the sacrifices made during this period. He enlisted in Calais, Vermont, on September 3, 1861, and showed his dedication to the cause by reenlisting on December 15, 1863. His service was marked by promotion to Corporal on November 4, 1862.

The Battle of the Wilderness

Marsh was mortally wounded during the Battle of the Wilderness (May 5-6, 1864), a brutal engagement that occurred in a densely wooded area south of the Rapidan River in Virginia. This battle, which resulted in over 28,000 casualties, was fought in a second-growth forest of pine trees, brush, and shrubs that made combat incredibly challenging and deadly.

Marsh’s Final Days and Burial

Marsh was admitted to the Grosvenor Branch Hospital (Lee-Fendall House) on May 27, 1864, with a gunshot wound to his left hip. Despite medical efforts, he succumbed to his injuries on July 2, 1864, although his gravestone erroneously states July 1, 1864. This discrepancy between official records and the gravestone inscription serves as a reminder of the challenges in maintaining accurate records during the chaotic times of war.

The horrific nature of this conflict was vividly described by Lt. Col. Horace Porter of Grant’s staff: “Forest fires raged; ammunition trains exploded; the dead were roasted in the conflagration; the wounded, roused by its hot breath, dragged themselves along, with their torn and mangled limbs, in the mad energy of despair, to escape the ravages of the flames; and every bush seemed hung with shreds of blood-stained clothing….” (Rhea, 2004, pp. 451-452)

Desegregation and Civil Rights

In 1865, Union Quartermaster General Montgomery Meigs oversaw the acceptance of reburials of members from the United States Colored Troops (USCT) at Alexandria National Cemetery. This decision came in response to a significant civil rights protest. In December 1864, 443 African American soldiers, while recovering at the nearby L’Ouverture Hospital, signed a petition objecting to the burial of their deceased comrades in the Contraband Cemetery. This petition is considered one of the first civil rights protests in the United States. Heeding their calls for equality, Meigs ordered the disinterment of 118 soldiers, reburying them with honor in the Soldiers’ Cemetery among white Union dead. This act marked the cemetery’s desegregation, making it the first integrated federal military burial ground.

On January 22, 1865, Meigs sent a report to Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary of War. The report included a list of those buried in the cemetery. Meigs requested that 2,000 copies of the list be distributed and provided a breakdown of the burials: White Soldiers – 3,367, Of the US Navy – 2, White Citizens – 1, White Females – 2, Colored Soldiers – 229. Today, 249 United States Colored Troops lay at rest in the cemetery.

Later, the cemetery acquired additional land and adopted the name “Alexandria National Cemetery.” While this expansion enabled new burials to occur at the site until 1967, the cemetery is now considered closed except for the interment of eligible spouses within existing family plots or individuals with pre-approved burial arrangements. No additional space is available to accommodate recently deceased veterans or family members not meeting designated exceptions.  (For additional information, please visit this link: https://gravestonestories.com/the-alexandria-national-cemetery-visitor-information/)

In 1871 the Superintendent’s Lodge was built to serve administrative needs. However, just seven years later a fire severely damaged the building. Under General Montgomery Meigs, a new Seneca red sandstone lodge was constructed in 1887. More recent key developments include the closing of the cemetery in 1967, though some sections were reopened in later decades to inter cremated remains of eligible veterans and dependents.

Today, the Alexandria National Cemetery serves as a poignant reminder of the sacrifices made during the American Civil War. It is the final resting place for over 4230 individuals, many of whom were Union Soldiers who bravely engaged in the conflict. Significantly, 249 members of the United States Colored Troops (U.S.C.T.) are also interred here, underscoring the diverse array of individuals who shaped the nation’s history.

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Confederate Presence and Daughters of the Confederacy

Although the primary focus of the cemetery is on honoring Union Soldiers, a noteworthy chapter of its history pertains to the burial of Confederate prisoners of war. However, in 1879, the Daughters of the Confederacy took the initiative to oversee the relocation of these soldiers’ remains. The majority were reinterred in a communal grave at Alexandria’s revered Christ Church burial ground on North Washington Street. As a result, no Confederate soldiers are interred within the confines of the cemetery.

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The Evolution of Gravestones in the National Cemetery

The history of gravestones in the National Cemetery reflects a transition from temporary markers to enduring memorials, symbolizing the nation’s commitment to honoring its fallen heroes.

Early Markers: Wooden Headboards

In the early days of the National Cemetery system, wooden headboards were used to mark graves. Although respectful, these markers were not durable and required frequent replacement. The Civil War necessitated a more organized system for marking graves, leading to the establishment of the first centralized burial record system.

Permanent Stones (1873)

As the number of burials increased, the cost and impermanence of wooden headboards became a concern. In 1873, Secretary of War William W. Belknap decreed the introduction of permanent gravestones, marking a significant turning point in how the nation honored its fallen soldiers.

The new policy outlined two distinct types of markers:

• Inscribed marble or stone slabs for identified soldiers
• Numbered marble or stone blocks for unidentified soldiers

In 1876, the wooden headboards in Alexandria National Cemetery were replaced with permanent stone markers, reflecting the implementation of this new policy.

The Civil War-Type Headstone

The “Civil War” Type Headstone, introduced during this period, featured a rounded top with a carved shield, the veteran’s name, company, and regiment. These headstones were used for various conflicts and later allowed in private cemeteries, enabling families to honor their loved ones in a manner consistent with national military burials.

The evolution of these gravestones demonstrates an ongoing dedication to preserving the memory of those who served, progressing from temporary markers to enduring memorials.

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Heroes and History: The Lives Behind the Stones

The Alexandria National Cemetery is a testament to the courage, sacrifice, and unwavering dedication of the men and women who served our nation. The hallowed grounds of this cemetery hold countless stories of bravery, patriotism, and resilience. From the earliest days of the Civil War to the modern era, the diverse individual interments provide a compelling portrait of American valor and perseverance. The stories etched beside the headstones of this sacred burial place offer a glimpse into the lives of the fallen heroes who rest here. From tales of skilled sharpshooters and tragic wartime accidents to the heroic actions of United States Colored Troops, the spirits of these brave individuals live on through their stories, forever etched in stone. The Alexandria National Cemetery stands as a powerful reminder of the sacrifices made by those who answered the call to serve, and it ensures that their legacies will endure for generations to come.

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George Fermane, Elite Marksman of the Civil War

Private George Fermane, who rests in The Alexandria National Cemetery, met his fate on August 17, 1862. He served as a United States Sharpshooters (USSS) member during the American Civil War. This corps of soldiers was instrumental in the Union Army and consisted of the First and Second Regiments of United States Sharpshooters.

Early in the war, the United States Sharpshooters (USSS) were used near Alexandria to spy on and scout the Confederates, especially at Munson’s Hill (Falls Church). As the armies moved, they were deployed at Falmouth (opposite Fredericksburg on the Rappahannock) and during the Peninsula Campaign. They were also effective in the Battle of South Mountain on September 14, 1862, and saw action at Chancellorsville and Gettysburg.

The USSS held a rigorous standard for entry, demanding that volunteers pass a challenging marksmanship test. To qualify, they needed to achieve a remarkable feat: stringing together ten consecutive shots within a ten-inch-wide target from 200 yards.

Patterned after the legendary British Green Jackets of the Napoleonic War, the U.S. Sharpshooters owed their creation to the visionary Colonel Hiram Berdan. Throughout the conflict, they proved themselves to be exceptional soldiers. Clad in dark green caps, coats, and pants and equipped with leather gaiters, their uniforms lacked the telltale shine of brass buttons, buckles, or insignia. This deliberate choice ensured their camouflage in the theater of guerrilla-style warfare, a mode of combat they had mastered. Armed with the Sharps 1859 breech-loading target rifle, the USSS could swiftly load and fire from various positions – prone, standing, or even perched in trees – at a rate of fire three times that of standard rifles. The Sharps exhibited a terrifying accuracy of up to 600 yards, remaining deadly beyond that range. The sharpshooters aggressively maneuvered into advantageous firing positions in battle, often targeting high-value adversaries such as officers or artillerymen.

While the unit to which Private George Fermane belonged remains shrouded in mystery, as do the circumstances of his demise, his legacy as a member of the USSS underscores his courage and commitment to a nation torn by civil strife.

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Charles W. Needham: Cavalryman Felled at Aldie

A Massachusetts native, he enlisted on August 7, 1862, at age 24, in the 1st Massachusetts Cavalry Regiment. His journey soon began as Private Needham committed to the Union cause in a nation divided. His courage would face testing in the crucible of battle.

On June 17, 1863, Needham’s regiment engaged in combat at Aldie, Virginia, as part of a five-day clash in the Loudoun Valley. This fierce fighting resulted in over 1,400 casualties (killed, wounded, missing, or captured), as well as the loss of thousands of horses. Union commander Joseph Hooker was desperately trying to gather intelligence on the whereabouts of Confederate General Robert E. Lee’s army, which was moving north during its second invasion of the North. The opposing cavalry forces clashed repeatedly as the Confederates sought to conceal their maneuvers. This campaign would ultimately culminate in the pivotal Battle of Gettysburg from July 1-3, 1863.

Eyewitness accounts describe Needham’s steadfast bravery amidst the chaos as he charged ahead boldly on horseback. But a horrific head wound halted his advance permanently.

Badly wounded, Needham endured a grueling transport along with others injured by an Ambulance wagon to the Orange and Alexandria Railroad. From there, they were moved by rail into Alexandria, where Needham was admitted to Grosvenor Branch, a Union Army hospital housed in the Lee-Fendall House, clinging to life. Despite valiant medical efforts, his condition worsened over the next two weeks. Needham finally succumbed on June 30, 1863, at just 25 years old.

Needham was buried in Alexandria National Cemetery, known then as “Soldier’s Cemetery”. His sacrifice solemnly underscored the devastating cost of war. Needham gave his life for the union and country. His courage and selflessness etched for eternity beside the weathered gravestones of patriots who also gave their last full measure. To explore deeper into the history of the Battle of Aldie and the details on the first Union monument dedicated on Southern soil, please read the blog post: [The First Union Regimental Monument south of the Mason-Dixon Line].

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Nehemiah Metlock: A Soldier’s Journey from the 113th Ohio to the Veteran Reserve Corps

The stories of soldiers like George Fermane and Charles W. Needham highlight the bravery and sacrifice of those who fought and died in the heat of battle. However, the tale of Nehemiah Metlock serves as a reminder that not all soldiers’ contributions were made on the front lines. Metlock’s journey from the 113th Ohio Infantry Regiment to the 12th Veteran Reserve Corps showcases the vital role played by those who, despite injury or illness, continued to serve their nation in whatever capacity they could.

Nehemiah Metlock (sometimes spelled “Matlock”) is a Union soldier buried in the National Cemetery in Alexandria, Virginia. Born in 1814 in Somerset County, Pennsylvania, Metlock later moved to Franklin County, Ohio, where he married Hester Wilson in 1840. The couple had six children, including their eldest son, John W., who fought in the Civil War as a 60th Ohio Volunteer Infantry (OVI) Company C member.

Metlock enlisted in the Union Army on August 13, 1862, at 46, joining the 113th Ohio Infantry Regiment. The 113th Ohio participated in numerous key battles throughout the war, such as Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, and Sherman’s March to the Sea.

At some point during his service, Metlock was injured or fell ill and was likely sent to Camp Convalescent near Alexandria, Virginia. This camp was established to care for recovering soldiers who were not well enough to return to their units but no longer required hospitalization. Many of the men who spent time at Camp Convalescent later joined the Veteran Reserve Corps (VRC), a unit established to utilize partially disabled soldiers for light-duty tasks.

Initially known as the Invalid Corps, the unit was created during the Civil War to use convalescent soldiers for non-combat roles such as guarding, instructing, and hospital duties. However, confusion with the damaged goods stamp “I.C.” (inspected-condemned) affected volunteer morale, leading to the corps being renamed the Veteran Reserve Corps on March 18, 1864.

Members of the VRC were often men unfit for active duty but capable of light work. The unique uniform featured a sky-blue jacket with dark blue trimmings and sky-blue trousers. However, soldiers objected to the uniform, finding it stigmatizing and demoralizing. Despite these challenges, the VRC continued to serve vital supportive roles throughout the war, despite their disabilities. 

The concept of utilizing soldiers with disabilities for essential non-combat roles had historical precedent. During the American Revolutionary War, Lewis Nicola commanded the Invalid Regiment, established in 1777. This unit was a precursor to later formations like the Civil War’s Invalid Corps and Veteran Reserve Corps. Nicola’s innovative approach set an important precedent in American military history.  Interestingly, Lewis Nicola who commanded the Invalid Regiment during the American Revolutionary War, is buried in the Old Presbyterian Meeting House 18th-century burial ground just one mile east of the Alexandria National Cemetery.

As part of the 12th VRC, Metlock was likely involved in the defense of Washington, D.C., during Confederate General Jubal Early’s attack on Fort Stevens in July 1864. The VRC played a crucial role in repelling the Confederate assault, marking the only time a sitting U.S. president, Abraham Lincoln, came under direct enemy fire.

Tragically, Nehemiah Metlock died on September 14, 1864, in Alexandria, Virginia. While the circumstances surrounding his injury and subsequent death remain unknown, his service and sacrifice as part of the Union Army and the Veteran Reserve Corps are remembered through his burial in the National Cemetery.

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Private Solomon Williams: Fatally Wounded at Bristoe Station

Private Solomon Williams, a young soldier of just 20 years, bravely fought in the Battle of Bristoe Station on October 14, 1863, in Prince William County, Virginia. Serving with dedication in the 140th PA Volunteers, Company E, he played a role in this crucial Civil War confrontation. Despite being outnumbered by Confederate Lieutenant A.P. Hill’s larger forces, the Union troops achieved victory through a swift ambush. Regrettably, during the heat of the battle, Private Williams was severely injured, receiving a gunshot wound to his upper right arm.

He was admitted to Grosvenor Branch, a Union Army hospital housed in the Lee-Fendall house. Faced with the severity of his injury, the medical team had no choice but to amputate his arm. Private Williams’ condition deteriorated despite their efforts, and he tragically died from pyemia, or blood poisoning, on October 31, 1863. He was buried in Section A, Site 1037. His story serves as a testament to the bravery and sacrifices made by many during the Civil War.

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Alton Hawkes: Brief Life, Enduring Sacrifice

Alton Hawkes enlisted in the Union’s 76th New York Infantry, Company A, on August 17, 1863. The regiment had already seen action at the Battle of South Mountain in September 1862, where they suffered heavy losses against extreme odds. Only 40 men remained, with 4 killed. Sergeant Stamp gave his life heroically protecting the colors, and after Colonel Wainwright fell injured, leadership passed to First Lieutenant Crandall. The 76th New York Infantry also fought at the Battle of Antietam, playing a crucial artillery support role despite casualties.

Hawkes joined the regiment nearly a year after these battles. His own war contribution proved tragically brief. He contracted acute laryngitis and diphtheria that winter. As his condition worsened, Hawkes was admitted to Alexandria’s Grosvenor Branch hospital—the converted Lee-Fendall House. But the valiant care there could not prevent the inevitable. Alton Hawkes perished on January 12, 1864, only months after dedicating himself to the Union cause.

The 21-year-old now rests among other fallen comrades in Plot 1278 of Alexandria National Cemetery—his lasting memorial a poignant reminder of lives cut short for freedom.

The Lee-Fendall House, also known as the Grosvenor Branch Hospital during the Civil War, witnessed the final moments of 104 Union soldiers out of the many admitted during the conflict. An exhaustive study of the Grosvenor Branch Hospital records by volunteers and staff revealed this sobering fact. Among the countless mortally wounded troops were Needham, Williams, Hawkes, and Swick, whose fates intertwined with the mansion-turned-hospital. Of the 104 patients who perished, 51 are now buried in the Alexandria National Cemetery. After they passed away, their bodies were moved to a temporary morgue, referred to as the “dead house,” constructed in the garden of the Grosvenor Branch, where they remained until transported for burial. The gravestones of these Union soldiers in Alexandria National Cemetery stand as a reminder of the steep price paid by soldiers and surgeons alike during the Civil War.

The Grosvenor House Hospital, once located at 414 N. Washington Street in Alexandria, Virginia, was built around 1830. Seized during the Civil War, it was used as a hospital for wounded soldiers, with the nearby Lee-Fendall House serving as a branch or annex. After the war, the Grosvenor House became the home of Confederate Brigadier General Montgomery Dent Corse and, later, local merchant and druggist Clarence C. Leadbeater. In the early 1960s, the house was demolished to make way for an office building, leaving only the Lee-Fendall House standing.

After the war, the Lee-Fendall House returned to being a private residence, remaining in the Lee family until it was sold to Robert Downham in 1903. Downham, a prominent Alexandria liquor purveyor, lived there until Prohibition. In 1937, labor leader John L. Lewis moved in and lived there during his career’s peak. After Lewis died in 1969, the Virginia Trust for Historic Preservation (VTHP) purchased the house and opened it as a museum in 1974.

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The Lasting Impact of the Mine Run Campaign: From Private James Luman to ‘I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day”

Private James Luman, a 27-year-old soldier from the 122nd Ohio, was severely wounded with a gunshot to the head during the Battle of Mine Run on November 27, 1863. He was admitted to the Grosvenor Branch Hospital (Lee-Fendall House) on December 8, 1863, where he died eight days later, leaving behind his widow, Mary.

The Mine Run Campaign, General Meade’s final attempt to destroy Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia before winter, ultimately failed. Meade had planned to strike the right flank of the Confederate Army but was delayed by logistical issues. This allowed Lee to react and fortify his positions along Mine Run. After assessing the strength of the Confederate line, Meade concluded that it was too strong to attack and withdrew his forces, ending the campaign inconclusively.

Interestingly, the Battle of Mine Run profoundly impacted American literature. Upon learning that his son, Charles Appleton Longfellow, had been severely wounded in the battle, the renowned poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow wrote “Christmas Bells” in 1863. This poem later became the basis for the famous Christmas carol “I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day,” forever linking the battle to a message of hope and peace amidst the tragedy of war.

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Martin Swick: An Ohio Soldier Mortally Wounded at Spotsylvania

Among the countless stories etched in stone at Alexandria National Cemetery, the tale of Martin Swick, a soldier from Fairfield County, Ohio, serves as a poignant reminder of the sacrifices made by so many during the Civil War. Swick’s journey, from his enlistment in the 126th Ohio Infantry to his final resting place in grave A: 816-60, is a testament to the bravery and resilience of those who fought to preserve the Union.

During the Gettysburg Campaign, Swick was captured on June 14, 1863, at the Battle of Martinsburg, Virginia. He was confined in Richmond, Virginia, likely at Belle Isle Prison, on June 23, 1863. After being paroled on July 8, 1863, he returned to his regiment on October 5, 1863.

On April 7, 1864, Swick was reduced in rank from Corporal to Private. He narrowly escaped capture at the Battle of the Wilderness when Gordon’s Brigade outflanked the 6th Corps. However, on May 12, 1864, at the Battle of Spotsylvania Courthouse, Swick suffered a gunshot wound to his left rear shoulder and lung. He succumbed to his injuries on May 31, 1864, at The Grosvenor House Branch in Alexandria, Virginia.

Martin Swick left behind his wife, Elizabeth (Harper) Swick, and possibly as many as four children. He is buried in grave A 816-60 in the Alexandria National Cemetery. One of his descendants, Brent Reidenbach, possesses the bible that Martin carried with him during the war. Brent has also visited Martin’s grave several times, paying respects to his ancestor who sacrificed his life during the Civil War.

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The Fort Lyon Powder Magazine Explosion

Soldiers during the Civil War faced many dangers beyond just combat. For example, on June 9, 1863, at 2:00 p.m., a major explosion occurred at Fort Lyon, Virginia. This was caused by the accidental ignition of eight tons of powder and several rounds of ammunition.

The soldiers affected by this tragedy were all New York 3rd Battalion Heavy Artillery members. Tasked initially with extracting wet powder from shells using wooden spoons, the soldiers were unsatisfied with the progress of their work. The Lieutenant in charge ordered them to switch from spoons to priming wire. Unfortunately, this seemingly minor change triggered the ignition of a shell, setting off a chain reaction that led to the immediate loss of twenty-one lives. Tragically, two additional soldiers succumbed to their injuries in the aftermath. This incident served as a sad reminder of the dangerous nature of handling munitions, even in non-combat settings. The Lieutenant in charge, Leo Kuchns, was one of the victims of the blast, further compounding the tragedy.

The story of these brave soldiers and the tragic incident they faced can be explored further in [The Sad Fate of the New York Volunteers] blog.

The fallen soldiers are forever remembered as follows:

1. Private Ferdinand Wetterer, Co. D. Buried in A:818.
2. Private Charles Reissner, Co. E. Buried in A:819.
3. Private Franz Lutz, Co. A. Buried in A:820.
4. Private John Jones, Co. A. Buried in A:821.
5. Private August Friedrichs, Co. B. Buried in A:822.
6. Private Charles Wendt, Co. A. Buried in A:823.
7. Private John Dillman, Co. C. Buried in A:824.
8. Private Frederick Kuntze, Co. E. Buried in A:825.
9. Private Charles Schield, Co. C. Buried in A:826.
10. Private Paul Biewald, Co. D. Buried in A:827.
11. Private Jacob Kuhn, Co. E. Buried in A:828.
12. Sergeant Emil Theil. Co. Unknown. Buried in A:829.
13. Corporal Jacob Enternmann, Co. C. Buried in A:830.
14. Private August Moritz, Co. A. Buried in A:831.
15. Private Xavier Heim, Co. C., Buried in A:832 (Listed on the official records as Haver Helm.)
16. Private Valentin Emrick, Co. E. Buried in A:833.
17. Private Christopher Ritter, Co. B. Buried in A:834.
18. Sergeant John Keonig, Co. A. Buried in A:835.
19. Corporal Helwig Hillebrandt, Co. D. Buried in A:836.
20. Ordinance Lieutenant Friedrich Leeber. Buried in A:837.
21. Lieutenant Leo Kuchns. Buried in A:838.
22. Corporal Gottlieb Messinger, Co. E. Buried in A:842.
23. Private John Eckert, Co. A. Buried in A:928.

They gave their lives in service to their nation and now rest for eternity on the solemn grounds of Alexandria National Cemetery. The tragic accident that claimed them will never be forgotten, memorialized by the very gravestones that mark where they lay.

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The Heavy Toll of War: Watson Parmalee’s Tragic End

Private Watson Parmalee’s story is a poignant reminder of the devastating impact of the Civil War on the mental health of soldiers. Laid to rest in Section A, Plot 446 of the Alexandria National Cemetery, Parmalee’s life came to a tragic end after three arduous weeks in an Alexandria, Virginia hospital. The young soldier had been consumed by the overwhelming fear of being killed in battle, worrying himself to the point of physical illness. Despite never facing combat directly, the psychological toll of the war proved too much for Parmalee to bear, and he succumbed to his mental anguish on November 11, 1862.

Parmalee’s passing was movingly recounted by Lewis Bissell, a comrade from the same company, who noted that Parmalee was consumed by his concerns, ultimately leading to his demise. (Mark Olcott with David Lear, The Civil War Letter of Lewis Bissell, A Curriculum, The Field School Educational Foundation Press, Washington, D.C., 1981, Pg. 30).

On the day of his departure, Parmalee was laid to rest in the Alexandria National Cemetery, surrounded by his fellow company members in a somber burial ceremony. The ceremony concluded with three volleys of rifle fire resonating over his grave, a final tribute to a soldier who paid the ultimate price for his service.

(Private Frederick A. Olroyd from Litchfield, Connecticut, an ancestor of the owner of Gravestone Stories, served in the same regiment as Watson Parmalee – the 2nd Connecticut Volunteer Heavy Artillery Regiment. Specifically, Olroyd was in Company D of this regiment. He enlisted in Bridgeport, Connecticut, on September 5, 1864. Olroyd fought at the Battle of Cedar Creek on October 19, 1864. His service concluded with an honorable discharge on July 7, 1865, at Fort Ethan Allen, Virginia, located at what is now 4348 Old Glebe Road in Arlington, Virginia.)

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William L. Phillips: An Alabama Unionist’s Journey in the Civil War

The Alexandria National Cemetery is the final resting place of Private William L. Phillips, a soldier who served in the 1st Alabama Cavalry Regiment during the American Civil War. This regiment was unique among Union forces, primarily composed of Southern Unionists from Alabama who chose to fight for the Union cause despite their state’s secession. The 1st Alabama Cavalry was the only predominantly white Union regiment from Alabama, with 2,066 of the 2,678 white Alabamians who enlisted in the Union Army serving in its ranks.

Phillips’ gravestone is a testament to his service and the complex loyalties that divided many Southern states during the war. His story, along with that of his regiment, highlights the often-overlooked roles played by Southerners who remained committed to the Union in the face of secession and conflict.

William L. Phillips himself was part of this regiment, embarking on a temporary assignment under the command of Colonel Abel D. Streight during the raid across northern Alabama from April 19 to May 3, 1863. His journey with this command ultimately led to their surrender in Rome, Georgia, on May 3, 1863. After his capture, Phillips was sent to Richmond, VA as a prisoner of war. Following his parole, he was transferred to the Union parole camp at Parole, MD, and then, for reasons unknown, to Camp Chase in Ohio, which was primarily a Union prison camp for Confederates. His final transfer was to the Slough General Hospital in Alexandria, VA, where he died on May 21, 1865.

In addition to his military service, William L. Phillips was a family man, the son of William and Nancy B. (Chick) Phillips. On December 29, 1853, he entered into matrimony with Salena Bannister, the daughter of James and Martha (Deverix) Bannister, in Forsyth County, Georgia. Their union brought three children: Martha Virginia, Lewis Lafayette, and James William. Tragically, William’s life was cut short during the Civil War, and his final resting place is now in the Alexandria National Cemetery. The cause of his untimely death is recorded as a cyanide overdose, marking a poignant chapter in the history of this unique Union regiment from Alabama.

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A Hidden Chapter in Civil War History: The Black Diamond Tragedy

In the shadow of Lincoln’s assassination, a lesser-known tragedy unfolded on the Potomac River. In the early hours of April 23, 1865, as the nation mourned its fallen leader, four brave civilian volunteers from the U.S. Quartermaster Department made the ultimate sacrifice.

Peter Carroll, Samuel N. Gosnell, George W. Huntington, and Christopher Farley – names etched in stone at Alexandria National Cemetery – were among 87 souls lost when a large sidewheel steamer, known as the “Massachusetts,” collided with the coal barge “Black Diamond” on the Potomac River. 

But what brought these civilians into harm’s way during one of America’s most tumultuous periods? What connection did their fate have with the hunt for Lincoln’s assassin?

A granite boulder standing sentinel near the cemetery’s flagpole hints at a story far more complex than its simple inscription suggests. It’s a tale of duty, sacrifice, and unforeseen consequences in the pursuit of justice.

Uncover the full, gripping narrative in our blog: [The Black Diamond Disaster: Civilian Lives Lost in the Hunt for Lincoln’s Assassin]

Dive into this overlooked chapter of Civil War history and discover how the ripples of one fateful night on the Potomac touched lives far beyond the water’s edge.

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United States Colored Troops (USCT): Heroes of the Civil War

Alexandria’s Transition to Freedom: From Slavery to Sanctuary for Contrabands

Before the Civil War, Alexandria, Virginia, was a city where slavery was practiced. However, the federal occupation of Alexandria in May 1861 transformed the city into a safe haven for those escaping enslavement. This change was largely due to the Union Army’s policy of designating escaped slaves as “contrabands,” a term that emerged early in the conflict.

The origin of this term can be traced back to an incident at Fortress Monroe, a Union-controlled fort in Virginia, on the night of May 23, 1861. Three enslaved men who had been forced to build Confederate fortifications at Sewell’s Point escaped and sought refuge at the fort. The next day, a Confederate officer demanded their return under the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 (authored and sponsored by James Murray Mason, a former U.S. Senator from Virginia who was expelled from the Senate in 1861 and later appointed by Jefferson Davis as the Confederate commissioner to Great Britain. Mason is buried in Christ Church Cemetery, just outside the Alexandria National Cemetery). However, Union Major General Benjamin Butler argued that since Virginia had seceded from the Union, it was a foreign power not entitled to U.S. laws. Butler labeled the escaped slaves as “contraband,” implying that they were property that could be seized by the Union Army. This allowed him to protect the men while avoiding the politically sensitive issue of emancipation.

The term “contraband” quickly spread among Union forces and became a common way to refer to escaped slaves who sought protection within Union lines. As a result, when Union troops occupied Alexandria in May 1861, the city became a destination for many African Americans seeking freedom. These individuals were often labeled as contrabands by the Union Army.

The use of the term “contraband” highlighted the complex legal and moral issues surrounding slavery during the Civil War. While it provided a means for the Union Army to protect escaped slaves, it also underscored the prevailing view of slaves as property rather than as human beings with inherent rights. Nonetheless, the designation of escaped slaves as contrabands represented a significant shift in Union policy toward slavery and paved the way for later emancipation efforts.

The federal occupation of Alexandria and the influx of contrabands transformed the city into a haven for those escaping enslavement. This change in status reflected the broader impact of the Union Army’s contraband policy, which offered protection and a path to freedom for many enslaved individuals during the Civil War.²

The Influx of Contrabands and the Establishment of the Freedmen’s Cemetery

The influx of “contrabands” into Alexandria was significant, and many arrived in poor health. The high mortality rate prompted the Union Army to establish the Contrabands, or Freedmen’s, Cemetery, which became the final resting place for many African Americans who died during this period, including some members of the United States Colored Troops (USCT).

The Creation and Impact of the United States Colored Troops (USCT)

As mentioned earlier, the L’Ouverture Hospital petition, signed by 443 African American soldiers, was a pivotal moment in the fight for equal burial rights. The Alexandria National Cemetery stands as a testament to the valor of Union soldiers, including both white soldiers and hundreds of members from the United States Colored Troops (USCTs). The Emancipation Proclamation, issued on January 1, 1863, authorized the Federal Government to receive African Americans “into the armed service of the United States to garrison forts, positions, stations, and other places, and to man vessels of all sorts in said service.” Building upon this, General Order 143, dated May 22, 1863, formally established the United States Colored Troops (USCTs). The creation of the USCTs represented a groundbreaking shift in the military during the Civil War. Their integral role in the Union Army is evident, with around 175 regiments serving with commendable distinction, highlighting the significant contributions of African American soldiers in the fight for freedom and preserving the Union.

In response to this call, around 180,000 African American soldiers, making up over 10% of Federal forces, joined the ranks of the USCTs. Recognizing that a defeat for the North could risk their return to bondage, both freemen and ex-slaves displayed unwavering dedication to their nation and an enduring commitment to ensuring the perpetual freedom of their people.

L’Ouverture Hospital Petition: A Cry for Equality

Private Shadrach Murphy: The Catalyst for Change

In December 1864, a pivotal moment in the struggle for civil rights unfolded at the L’Ouverture Hospital in Alexandria, Virginia. The catalyst for this historic event was the tragic death of Private Shadrach Murphy, a valiant soldier from Baltimore who served in Company B of the 23rd United States Colored Infantry (USCT).

Following Private Murphy’s passing on December 25, 1864, a group was assigned to escort his body for burial. However, when the escort refused orders to divert to the Freedman’s Cemetery, Superintendent Gladwin intervened, having the escort arrested. Murphy was ultimately buried in an area of the Freedman’s Cemetery set aside for African American soldiers. This incident sparked outrage and solidarity among Murphy’s fellow soldiers.

The Petition and Its Signatories

Inspired by Private Murphy’s sacrifice and the injustice surrounding his burial, 443 African American soldiers recovering at the L’Ouverture Hospital united to sign a petition on December 27, 1864. The petition objected to the burial of their deceased comrades, including Private Murphy, in the Contraband Cemetery. The soldiers, supported by white officer Captain JCG Lee, demanded recognition as U.S. Army soldiers, fighting alongside their white counterparts, and the right to be buried with the same privileges in the Soldier’s Cemetery (now Alexandria National Cemetery).

A copy of this historic petition is now viewable at Alexandria’s Freedom House Museum at 1315 Duke Street, offering visitors a chance to see this important document firsthand.

We are not contrabands, but soldiers of the U.S. Army, we have cheerfully left the comforts of home, and entered into the field of conflict, fighting side by side with the white soldiers, to crush out this God insulting, Hell deserving rebellion. As American citizens, we have a right to fight for the protection of her flag, that right is granted, and we are now sharing equally the dangers and hardships in this mighty contest, and should share the same privileges and rights of burial in every way with our fellow soldiers who only differ from us in color.

Department of Veterans Affairs. (n.d.). Object 32 – U.S. Colored Troops Burial Petition. U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. https://department.va.gov/history/100-objects/object-32-u-s-colored-troops-burial-petition/

Built in 1863, L’Ouverture opened in February 1864 for African American troops and contraband civilians and was outside the divisional structure of the other hospitals in Alexandria. It was named for Haitian revolutionary leader Toussaint L’Ouverture. Edward Bently, the Surgeon in charge of the Third Division to which the L’Ouverture Hospital was assigned, lived in the Grosvenor Branch Hospital, now known as the Lee-Fendall House. As depicted on the Quartermaster’s map, buildings included barracks, a cookhouse and mess room, a linen room, an office, a sutler’s store, a deadhouse, and a dispensary—long canvas tents allowed for ventilation and separation of patients.

The Successful Outcome and Its Significance

The success of the L’Ouverture Hospital Petition resulted in the reinterment of 118 individuals, including Private Shadrach Murphy, from the Freedmen’s Cemetery to Alexandria National Cemetery in Section B between January 6th and 17th, 1865. Private Murphy’s gravestone can be found at Section B, Site 3330, serving as a lasting testament to his sacrifice and the unity of the USCT soldiers who fought for their rightful recognition.

This petition is considered one of the first civil rights protests in the United States. Because of the success of the L’Ouverture Petition, 118 individuals were removed from the Freedmen’s Cemetery and reinterred at Alexandria National Cemetery in Section B between January 6th and 17th, 1865. Privates James Brown (B:3222) and Solomon Dorsey (B:3223) were the first two soldiers reinterred.

Private John Cooley: First Buried, Last Reinterred

Among the reinterred soldiers, Private John Cooley of the 27th U.S. Colored Infantry (Ohio) holds a unique place in the cemetery’s history. Cooley, who passed away on May 4, 1864, upon entering L’Ouverture Hospital, was the first USCT soldier buried in the Freedmen’s and Contraband Cemetery. He was reportedly the last of the 118 USCT soldiers to be disinterred and reburied in the Alexandria National Cemetery in January 1865.

Julia Wilbur, a Quaker teacher from New York who was in Alexandria during the Civil War, recorded Cooley’s funeral in her diary:

Between 4 & 5 P.M. went to the funeral of a Colored Soldier the first one who has died here. Had a white escort & was buried in the New Freedman’s B. Ground. Mr. Gladwin officiated.

Miller, 1998, p. 8

This eyewitness account provides a poignant glimpse into the significance of Cooley’s original burial and the recognition he received as the first USCT soldier to be interred in the Freedmen’s Cemetery.

Cooley’s journey – from being the first USCT buried separately to being the final one reinterred in the National Cemetery – symbolizes the progress made in recognizing the equal status and sacrifices of the USCT soldiers. His gravestone, located in Section B of Alexandria National Cemetery, stands as a testament to this pivotal moment in the cemetery’s history and the broader struggle for equal recognition of African American soldiers.

The L’Ouverture Hospital Petition and the subsequent efforts to ensure equal burial rights for African American soldiers marked a significant moment in the struggle for Civil Rights, showcasing the bravery and determination of these men to be recognized as equals, even in death. However, their fight for justice and equality extended far beyond the walls of the hospital, as they continued to display unwavering courage and sacrifice on the battlefield.

To learn more about the United States Colored Troops and their connection to the Alexandria National Cemetery, I encourage you to explore the resources listed in the “Sources of Information” section at the end of this page. The City of Alexandria’s website and the Freedmen’s Cemetery Memorial website were primary sources for the content in this section and offer a wealth of additional information on this topic.

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United States Colored Troops Sacrifices at the Battle of the Crate

The Colored Troops played a significant role in the tragic Battle of the Crater, which took place on July 30, 1864, during the Petersburg Campaign. Injured soldiers from the 28th and 29th USCT were among those transported to Alexandria, Virginia, for medical care.

More than 300 members of the USCT who sustained injuries in the battle were transported to Alexandria’s L’Overture Hospital.

Similarly, another brave soul who met a tragic end was Private Adolphus Jacobs.

Private Adolphus Jacobs: A Tale of Courage from the Battle of the Crater

Adolphus Jacobs, a soldier of the 28th United States Colored Infantry, served diligently during the American Civil War. He was part of the United States Colored Troops (USCT) and belonged to the 28th Indiana Infantry (Colored), an African-American regiment from Indiana. The regiment left Indianapolis on April 24, 1864, heading to their first assignment at the defenses of Washington, D.C. They were initially posted at Camp Casey in Alexandria, Virginia, to await their first battlefield assignment. Camp Casey was located “at the Virginia End of Long Bridge” (Arlington Public Schools, 2019, p. 8), near what is now the present-day 14th Street Bridge.

During the Battle of the Crater, Jacobs showed bravery. Even after getting injured in his hip, he continued fighting. A month later, from Alexandria, he wrote a letter to his family about his injury.

I never got over the hurt I received at the Charge at Petersburg, but I am as well as far as health is concerned as I ever was.”

(Miller, Edward A. Jr., Alexandria Historical Quarterly, Volunteers for Freedom: Black Soldiers in the Alexandria National Cemetery, Part II, The Office of History Alexandria, Winter 1998, Pg 2).

Private Jacobs didn’t recover from his war injury and passed away 22 on August 14, 1864, due to his wounds. He was first buried in the Contraband and Freedmen Cemetery but was later moved to the Alexandria National Cemetery in January 1865, along with other United States Colored Troops (USCT) soldiers. This highlights the bravery and sacrifices of soldiers like Jacobs, who contributed to the fight for freedom. More details can be found in the blog post [The Contrabands and Freemans Cemetery: a Historic Burial Ground for Freedmen and Fugitive Slaves in Alexandria, Va.].

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Tobias Trout: A Hero’s Journey from the Crater to the Petition

Tobias Trout’s story epitomizes the courage and sacrifice of those who fought for freedom during one of America’s darkest periods. According to Davis’s Alexandria at War 1861-1865: African American Emancipation in an Occupied City (2023), Trout, formerly enslaved in North Carolina, stood tall at 5′ 10″, with a dark complexion and a slender frame, possessing not only physical strength but also musical talent, wielding a fife with skill and pride.

Standing tall at 5′ 10″, with a dark complexion and a slender frame, Trout possessed not only physical strength but also musical talent, wielding a fife with skill and pride. In January 1864, he enlisted in Company C of the 31st United States Colored Troops (USCT), a regiment initially organized in New York.

Trained alongside his comrades, Trout and his fellow USCT soldiers prepared to confront the forces of tyranny and injustice. However, fate dealt them a cruel hand when, at the last moment, General Burnside redirected the trained USCT regiments, including the 31st, replacing them with inexperienced white troops.

The consequences of Burnside’s decision were disastrous. In the infamous Battle of the Crater, where Union forces detonated explosives beneath Confederate defenses, confusion and chaos reigned. White troops faltered, and the Confederates seized the opportunity to regroup, turning the crater into a death trap.

Amidst the carnage, Trout and his fellow USCT soldiers, undeterred by the perilous odds, charged bravely into the fray. Engaging in vicious hand-to-hand combat, they captured enemy positions, displaying unparalleled valor and resilience.

Tragically, victory proved elusive as Confederate reinforcements launched a fierce counterattack, driving the Union forces, including Trout, back into the crater. Despite their heroic efforts, many USCT soldiers faced capture or were mercilessly slain by the enemy.

Wounded but unbowed, Tobias Trout endured the horrors of battle, where he played his fife with mournful strains while solemnly escorting fallen comrades to their final resting place—a poignant tribute to their valor and sacrifice.

Months later, in December 1864, Trout’s commitment to equality was further demonstrated when he was among the soldiers arrested for refusing to bury Private Shadrach Murphy in the Freedmen’s Cemetery. This incident sparked the L’Ouverture Hospital Petition, a declaration signed by 443 soldiers, including Trout, affirming their dedication to justice and equal burial rights.

Among his courageous actions was signing the L’Ouverture Petition, a declaration alongside 443 fellow soldiers, affirming their commitment to justice and equality. Sadly, Trout’s journey was cut short when he fell ill in early 1865, ultimately succumbing to “Gangrene of the Lungs” on April 15th, 1865—the same day as President Abraham Lincoln’s passing.

Tobias Trout’s journey embodies the indomitable spirit of the USCT soldiers, whose courage and resilience paved the way for a brighter future amidst the shadows of adversity and strife.

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Remembering USCT Heroes: Tales of Courage Beyond the Crater

Alfred Whiting: Captured but Unbowed

The Legendary 54th Massachusetts

Alfred Whiting served in Company I of the 54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, an African American unit formed by Massachusetts following President Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863. Unlike units later organized under the United States Colored Troops designation, the 54th was among the initial Black regiments to engage in the Civil War. Commanded by Robert Gould Shaw, a veteran of the 2nd Massachusetts Infantry with a background in abolitionism, the regiment prepared for battle at Camp Meigs in Readville near Boston.

Alfred Whiting’s Service and Sacrifice

Training took place at Camp Meigs in Readville, near Boston, until late May 1863. On May 28, the regiment left for the front, moving through Boston amid widespread public support and boarding the DeMolay for the South. This marked a significant start to their combat service.

Before dedicating his life to the fight for freedom and equality, Alfred Whiting had already established roots and started a family. Before joining the army, Whiting was a waiter in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, and married Catherine Keith in 1862, but they had no children. The 54th’s bold attack on Battery Wagner in South Carolina in July 1863 was pivotal, encouraging over 180,000 Black soldiers to join the Union Army, significantly impacting the war’s direction and the struggle for equality.

Whiting enlisted at twenty-three in Readville on April 22, 1863, becoming a sergeant in the 54th. He was missing after the July 18, 1863, Battery Wagner assault and officially listed as such in August. Despite records, Whiting was captured, enduring imprisonment in various locations.

After months of captivity, Whiting was finally exchanged in Goldsboro, North Carolina, on March 4, 1865. According to a statement in his widow’s pension file by a comrade captured with him, Whiting was first incarcerated in Charleston, then the stockade at Florence, and lastly at Goldsboro, North Carolina. He was paroled at N.E. Ferry, North Carolina, on March 4, 1865, and then forwarded to Camp Parole, Annapolis, Maryland, where he was furloughed until March 19. Whiting returned to the army but tragically succumbed to typhoid fever at L’Ouverture U.S. Hospital on June 25, 1865. He was laid to rest in section B:3519.

Alfred Whiting’s unwavering courage and ultimate sacrifice, along with that of his fellow soldiers in the 54th Massachusetts, helped pave the way for greater equality and recognition of African American contributions to the United States. Their bravery and dedication to the cause of freedom left an indelible mark on American history, inspiring future generations to continue the fight for justice and equality.

Catherine Whiting: A Widow’s Struggle for Recognition

Catherine Whiting applied for and was granted a widow’s pension on September 3, 1867, in recognition of her husband’s service and sacrifice.

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Buffalo Soldiers: Carrying on the USCT Legacy

After the war, the pioneering units of the United States Colored Troops were largely disbanded as the Army downsized dramatically. However, their legacy and impact lived on through the newly formed all-Black regimental units known as the “Buffalo Soldiers.” Stationed primarily in the Western frontier, the 9th and 10th Cavalries and the 24th and 25th Infantries continued the fight for equality through their courageous service. These African-American troops also served as some of the country’s first national park rangers, playing a vital role in battles during westward expansion and against Native American tribes. Their storied nickname stemmed from comparisons to buffaloes’ fierce combat abilities and hair styling. Well into the 20th century, the Buffalo Soldiers carried on the proud legacy of African-American military service.

Honoring the Buffalo Soldiers at Alexandria National Cemetery

Six Buffalo Soldiers are laid to rest at Alexandria National Cemetery: Joseph F. Whelen (B:3606) from Company L of the 24th Infantry, John T. Stevenson (B:3592) from Companies A and C of the 10th Cavalry, Conny Gray (B:3587) from Company H of the 25th Infantry,

Corporal Lorenzo Foster (B:3581) from Company C of the 10th Cavalry, George Foster (B:3565) from Company C of the 10th Cavalry, and Lewis J. Cook (B:3560) from Company H of the 9th Cavalry.

For more information on the USCT members buried in the Alexandria National Cemetery and further insights into their contributions to the Union’s efforts in the American Civil War, please refer to the “Sources of Information” section at the end of this piece.

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Conclusion

A Testament to Sacrifice and Resilience

The Alexandria National Cemetery stands as a testament to the sacrifices made by the brave men and women who have served our country throughout its history. From its establishment during the Civil War to the present day, this hallowed ground has been a place of remembrance, reflection, and healing for generations of Americans.

Through the stories of the soldiers and civilians laid to rest here, we gain a deeper understanding of the human cost of war and the unwavering commitment to the ideals of freedom, equality, and justice. The evolution of the cemetery’s gravestones, from simple wooden markers to enduring stone memorials, reflects the nation’s ongoing dedication to honoring those who have made the ultimate sacrifice.

The Alexandria National Cemetery is more than just a burial ground; it is a living reminder of our shared history and the unbreakable bonds that unite us as Americans. The stories of the United States Colored Troops, the Buffalo Soldiers, and the countless other heroes interred here inspire us to strive for a more perfect union and to continue the work of building a nation that truly lives up to its highest ideals.

Inspiring Future Generations

In the end, the Alexandria National Cemetery stands as a profound testament to the resilience of the human spirit and the enduring legacy of those who have served and sacrificed for our country. May we always remember and honor their contributions, and may this hallowed ground continue to inspire and unite us for generations to come.

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Visitors and Community Events

The legacy of the Alexandria National Cemetery extends beyond its historical significance, as it continues to play an active role in the community today. The cemetery serves as a gathering place for visitors and locals alike, offering a space for remembrance, reflection, and a connection to our shared history.

The Alexandria National Cemetery attracts many visitors each year who come to pay their respects to the fallen and learn about the cemetery’s rich history. The cemetery also serves as a gathering place for the community, hosting numerous events throughout the year that honor those who have served and sacrificed for their country.

One of the most notable events is the annual Flags-In-The-Ground ceremony, which takes place on the Saturday before Memorial Day. During this event, volunteers and community members gather to place flags at each gravestone, creating a stunning visual tribute to the fallen. Additionally, the Memorial Day Flowers Foundation generously donates flowers to be placed at the graves, adding a beautiful and colorful touch to the solemn occasion. The combination of flags and flowers creates a powerful, moving display of gratitude and remembrance.

Former President Obama’s Participation in the Flags-In-The-Ground Ceremony

In a special moment on Saturday, May 25, 2024, former President Obama participated in the Flags-In-The-Ground ceremony, underscoring the cemetery’s enduring significance and ability to bring people together in remembrance.

Another important event is Wreaths Across America, held each December. This nationwide initiative aims to place a wreath on every veteran’s grave, and the Alexandria National Cemetery is one of the many locations that participate. The sight of the cemetery adorned with wreaths is a powerful reminder of the sacrifices made by those who have served and the ongoing commitment to honoring their memory.

To see pictures of these events and learn more about the cemetery’s role in the community, please visit this link: https://gravestonestories.com/alexandria-va-cemetery-history-talks-photos/

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Sources of Information

54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiment. (n.d.). Roster. 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry Regiment. http://54th-mass.org/about/roster/

Adjutant General, Vermont. (1892). Peck, T. S. (Ed.). Revised roster of Vermont volunteers and lists of Vermonters who served in the Army and Navy of the United States during the war of the rebellion, 1861-66. Montpelier, VT: Press of the Watchman Publishing Co.

American Battlefield Trust. (n.d.). Road to Freedom: The African American Experience in Civil War-Era Virginia (Brochure). American Battlefield Trust.

Annual Report of the Adjutant-General of the State of New York for the Year 1897. (1898). Registers of the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Artillery in the War of the Rebellion. Transmitted to the Legislature January 14, 1898. Wynkoop Allen Beck Crawford Co. State Printers. New York and Albany.

Arlington Public Schools. (2019). Camp Casey Final Report. https://www.apsva.us/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/190501_CampCasey_FinalReport.pdf

Bently, E. (1864, May 24). Letter to Captain Lee objecting to the proposal to discontinue burials at Alexandria National Cemetery. Local History / Special Collections, Kate Waller Barrett Library, Alexandria, VA.

City of Alexandria. (N.D.) USCT members buried in the Alexandria National Cemetery. [link].

Civil War Washington. (n.d.). Hospitals. Civil War Washington. Retrieved from https://civilwardc.org/introductions/other/hospitals.php

City of Alexandria. (n.d.). The USCT and Alexandria National Cemetery. Retrieved from https://www.alexandriava.gov/cultural-history/the-usct-and-alexandria-national-cemetery

Crowninshield, B. W. (1891). A history of the First Regiment of Massachusetts Cavalry Volunteers. Houghton, Mifflin, and Company. The Cambridge Press.

Davis, A. (Ed.). (2023). Alexandria at War 1861-1865. African American Emancipation in an Occupied City. Office of Historic Alexandria, Press.

Freedmen’s Cemetery Memorial. (n.d.). Freedmen’s Cemetery Memorial. Retrieved from http://www.freedmenscemetery.org/index.shtml

Heiby, D. (2022). “Oh, give us a flag, All free without a slave”: Insights into the valor and contributions of the United States Colored Troops (USCT) to the Union’s efforts in the American Civil War. Civil War Insights. [Link].

Lee, J.G.C. (1864, March 29). Letter requesting authorization to purchase additional land for Alexandria National Cemetery. Local History / Special Collections, Kate Waller Barrett Library, Alexandria, VA.

Leslie, F. (1895). The American Soldier in the Civil War: A Pictorial History of the Campaigns and Conflicts of the War Between the States, Profusely Illustrated with Battle Scenes, Naval Engagements, and Portraits, From Sketches By Forbes, Taylor, Waud, Hillen, Becker, Lovie, Schell, Crane, Davis, and Other Celebrated War Artists. Stanley-Bradley Publishing Co.

McDonnell, M. (2012). The history of Little River Turnpike. Annandale Chamber of Commerce. Written for the ENDEAVOR News Magazine. Retrieved from https://www.annandalechamber.com/thehistoryoflittleriverturnpike.rhtml

Meigs, M. C. (1865, January 22). Report to Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary of War. Local History / Special Collections, Kate Waller Barrett Library, Alexandria, VA.

Miller, E. A., Jr. (1998). Volunteers for Freedom: Black Civil War Soldiers in the Alexandria National Cemetery, Part 1. Historic Alexandria Quarterly. Office of Historic Alexandria. Retrieved from https://media.alexandriava.gov/docs-archives/historic/haq/historicalexandriaquarterly1998fall.pdf?_gl=1*pseacf*_ga*MTU5NTk0NjU3MC4xNzA3MDU2NzQ4*_ga_249CRKJTTH*MTcwNzA2NDY0Ny4yLjAuMTcwNzA2NDY0Ny4wLjAuMA.

Miller, E. A., Jr. (1998). Volunteers for Freedom: Black Civil War Soldiers in the Alexandria National Cemetery, Part 2. Historic Alexandria Quarterly. Office of Historic Alexandria. Retrieved from https://media.alexandriava.gov/docs-archives/historic/haq/historicalexandriaquarterly1998winter.pdf?_gl=1*19caxxy*_ga*MTU5NTk0NjU3MC4xNzA3MDU2NzQ4*_ga_249CRKJTTH*MTcwNzA2NDY0Ny4yLjAuMTcwNzA2NTA3OS4wLjAuMA

Official website of the 2nd New York Heavy Artillery Regiment. (n.d.). News clippings mentioning Fort Lyon. Retrieved from [URL]

Olcott, M., & Lear, D. (1981). The Civil War Letters of Lewis Bissell. Field School Educational Foundation Press. Washington, D.C..

Pippenger, W. E. (2014). Tombstone inscriptions of Alexandria, Virginia (Vol. 5). Heritage Books.

Rhea, G. C. (2004). The Battle of the Wilderness, May 5–6, 1864. Louisiana State University Press.

Spencer Research Library. (n.d.). Charles Joyce. The Vault. Retrieved from https://blogs.lib.ku.edu/spencer/tag/charles-joyce/

State Military Museum and Veterans Research Center. Retrieved from https://museum.dmna.ny.gov/unit-history/infantry-1/76th-infantry-regiment

U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. (n.d.). History of Government Headstones and Markers. Retrieved from https://www.cem.va.gov/history/hmhist.asp

Wilson, R. (2018, June 26). Trial by fire for the U.S. Sharpshooters at Yorktown, Part 1. https://emergingcivilwar.com/2018/06/26/trial-by-fire-for-the-u-s-sharpshooters-at-yorktown-part-1/

Wilson, R. (2018, June 26). Trial by fire for the U.S. Sharpshooters at Yorktown, Part II. https://emergingcivilwar.com/2018/06/27/trial-by-fire-for-the-us-sharpshooters-at-yorktown-part-2/

1. The oldest national cemetery is at the Soldiers’ and Airmen’s Home in NW Washington, DC, established after the First Battle of Manassas (Bull Run). The Annapolis National Cemetery, established shortly after the Alexandria National Cemetery, is considered the second cemetery under the July 17, 1862 Act. ↩︎
2. In August 1861, the First Confiscation Act legally defined formerly enslaved individuals as “contraband of war,” permitting the Union to seize Confederate property, including slaves, used to support the Confederate war effort. The Second Confiscation Act, passed on July 17, 1862, further expanded this by granting immediate freedom to all slaves who escaped to Union lines and allowing them to be employed to assist the Union in the war. ↩︎